Landing PageSaaSReactChakra UITypescript

Build a landing page for your SaaS app using React, Chakra UI and Typescript

BySukhpal Saini
•

This guide walks through how to create a landing page for a launched SaaS app using React and Typescript.

Introduction

Chakra UI is a UI component library that is very easy to use, has accessibility out of the box, and most importantly, looks incredible.

In this guide, we will be creating a landing page for a SaaS product with:

  1. Hero section - Hooks the reader. Details what the product is about
  2. Demo video - What the product looks like in action
  3. Company logos - Trust builder that shows other companies are liking the product already
  4. Features - Top 3 ways the product helps users
  5. Highlights - Secondary features that are nice to have
  6. Pricing
  7. FAQ
  8. CTA - Remind readers to sign up after they have read all about the product
  9. Footer

Step 1 - Set up React project

npm create vite@latest saasbase-chakraui-landing-page -- --template react-ts

cd saasbase-chakraui-landing-page
npm install
npm run dev

Step 2 - Set up Chakra UI

Chakra UI is a fantastic UI kit that comes with easy-to-use Front-end components that also look good.

npm i @chakra-ui/react @emotion/react @emotion/styled framer-motion @chakra-ui/icons

We can set it up by wrapping our entire application with the ChakraUIProvider.

Install the Inter font with:

npm i @fontsource/inter

Edit src/main.tsx

import { ChakraProvider, extendTheme } from "@chakra-ui/react";
import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom/client";
import { App } from "./App";

const theme = extendTheme({
  colors: {
    brand: {
      50: "#f0e4ff",
      100: "#cbb2ff",
      200: "#a480ff",
      300: "#7a4dff",
      400: "#641bfe",
      500: "#5a01e5",
      600: "#5200b3",
      700: "#430081",
      800: "#2d004f",
      900: "#14001f",
    },
  },
  fonts: {
    heading: `'Inter', sans-serif`,
    body: `'Inter', sans-serif`,
  },
});

ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById("root")!).render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <ChakraProvider theme={theme}>
      <App />
    </ChakraProvider>
  </React.StrictMode>
);

Step 3 - Create the Hero section

The hero section of your landing page is the most important above-the-fold item you can have. The title and the description should hook the reader in to learn more about your offering within 4-5 secs.

Our Hero section will have a title, description, and a strong CTA to get the readers salivating. A trust builder that shows that others are already using your product goes a long way. image Create a new file src/components/HeroSection.tsx :

import {
  Button,
  Center,
  Container,
  Heading,
  Text,
  VStack,
} from "@chakra-ui/react";
import { FunctionComponent } from "react";

interface HeroSectionProps {}

export const HeroSection: FunctionComponent<HeroSectionProps> = () => {
  return (
    <Container maxW="container.lg">
      <Center p={4} minHeight="70vh">
        <VStack>
          <Container maxW="container.md" textAlign="center">
            <Heading size="2xl" mb={4} color="gray.700">
              You don't have to chase your clients around to get paid
            </Heading>

            <Text fontSize="xl" color="gray.500">
              Freelancers use Biller to accept payments and send invoices to
              clients with a single click
            </Text>

            <Button
              mt={8}
              colorScheme="brand"
              onClick={() => {
                window.open("https://launchman.cc", "_blank");
              }}
            >
              I need this for $10/month →
            </Button>

            <Text my={2} fontSize="sm" color="gray.500">
              102+ builders have signed up in the last 30 days
            </Text>
          </Container>
        </VStack>
      </Center>
    </Container>
  );
};

Update the src/App.tsx with:

import { Box } from "@chakra-ui/react";
import { HeroSection } from "./components/HeroSection";

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Box bg="gray.50">
      <HeroSection />
    </Box>
  );
};

We will continue to add new components to this page as we build them out.

Step 3 - Add Header

Now that we have some content in the page, we can add a header/navigation bar. This will show the name of our product, quick links for navigating to parts of the page, and a link to my Twitter.

To make it truly responsive, we need to make it so that it collapses on smaller devices and the navigation goes into a side drawer like so:

Download the SVG image of the Twitter Icon from here and place it in the public folder. Any file in this folder is served as is. This is where you want to keep all the static assets your site uses.

Let's start by creating a new component that will create a responsive header bar. Call it src/components/Header.tsx :

import { HamburgerIcon } from '@chakra-ui/icons'
import {
  Box,
  chakra,
  Container,
  Drawer,
  DrawerBody,
  DrawerCloseButton,
  DrawerContent,
  DrawerHeader,
  DrawerOverlay,
  Flex,
  Heading,
  IconButton,
  Image,
  Link,
  LinkBox,
  LinkOverlay,
  Spacer,
  Stack,
  useDisclosure,
} from '@chakra-ui/react'

const navLinks = [
  { name: 'Home', link: '/' },
  { name: 'Features', link: '#features' },
  { name: 'Pricing', link: '#pricing' },
]

const DesktopSidebarContents = ({ name }: any) => {
  return (
    <Container maxW={['full', 'container.lg']} p={0}>
      <Stack
        justify="space-between"
        p={[0, 4]}
        w="full"
        direction={['column', 'row']}
      >
        <Box display={{ base: 'none', md: 'flex' }}>
          <Heading fontSize="xl">{name}</Heading>
        </Box>
        <Spacer />
        <Stack
          align="flex-start"
          spacing={[4, 10]}
          direction={['column', 'row']}
        >
          {navLinks.map((navLink: any, i: number) => {
            return (
              <Link
                href={navLink.link}
                key={`navlink_${i}`}
                fontWeight={500}
                variant="ghost"
              >
                {navLink.name}
              </Link>
            )
          })}
        </Stack>
        <Spacer />
        <LinkBox>
          <LinkOverlay href={`https://twitter.com/thisissukh_`} isExternal>
            <Image src="twitter.svg"></Image>
          </LinkOverlay>
        </LinkBox>
      </Stack>
    </Container>
  )
}
const MobileSidebar = ({ name }: any) => {
  const { isOpen, onOpen, onClose } = useDisclosure()

  return (
    <>
      <Flex w="full" align="center">
        <Heading fontSize="xl">{name}</Heading>
        <Spacer />
        <IconButton
          aria-label="Search database"
          icon={<HamburgerIcon />}
          onClick={onOpen}
        />
        <Drawer isOpen={isOpen} placement="right" onClose={onClose} size="xs">
          <DrawerOverlay />
          <DrawerContent bg="gray.50">
            <DrawerCloseButton />
            <DrawerHeader>{name}</DrawerHeader>

            <DrawerBody>
              <DesktopSidebarContents />
            </DrawerBody>
          </DrawerContent>
        </Drawer>
      </Flex>
    </>
  )
}

interface SidebarProps {
  name: string
}

const Sidebar = ({ name }: SidebarProps) => {
  return (
    <chakra.header id="header">
      <Box display={{ base: 'flex', md: 'none' }} p={4}>
        <MobileSidebar name={name} />
      </Box>

      <Box display={{ base: 'none', md: 'flex' }} bg="gray.50">
        <DesktopSidebarContents name={name} />
      </Box>
    </chakra.header>
  )
}

interface HeaderProps {
  name: string
}

export const Header = ({ name }: HeaderProps) => {
  return (
    <Box w="full">
      <Sidebar name={name} />
    </Box>
  )
}

Add a src/components/Layout.tsx

import { Box, VStack } from "@chakra-ui/react";
import { FunctionComponent } from "react";
import { Header } from "./Header";

interface LayoutProps {
  children: React.ReactNode;
}

export const Layout: FunctionComponent<LayoutProps> = ({
  children,
}: LayoutProps) => {
  return (
    <Box bg="gray.50">
      <VStack spacing={10} w="full" align="center">
        <Header name="Biller" />
        {children}
      </VStack>
    </Box>
  );
};

Update the src/App.tsx with:

import { Box } from "@chakra-ui/react";
import { HeroSection } from "./components/HeroSection";
import { Layout } from "./components/Layout";

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Layout>
      <Box bg="gray.50">
        <HeroSection />
      </Box>
    </Layout>
  );
};

Step 4 - Add a demo video

A demo video lets the reader know what to expect when they do signup for your product.

Record an MP4 video of your product and place it in the public folder as video.mp4 . Next.js serves everything from the public folder as is.

If you don't have one, here's a sample video and a sample poster image you can use. image We can also add a poster option in the video tag that shows a static image if the video isn't yet loaded. Using a static frame of the video as the poster works well.

Update src/App.tsx with:

import { Box } from "@chakra-ui/react";
import { HeroSection } from "./components/HeroSection";
import { Layout } from "./components/Layout";

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Layout>
      <Box bg="gray.50">
        <HeroSection />
      	<Container maxW="container.xl">
          <Center p={[0, 10]}>
            <video playsInline autoPlay muted poster="/image.png" loop>
              <source src="/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
            </video>
          </Center>
		</Container>
      </Box>
    </Layout>
  );
};

Step 5 - Add social proof with client logos

Now that the reader knows what the offering is, you can answer their next logical question - who else is using it?

Adding logos of customers at recognizable companies using your product will build trust with the reader.

Download the SVG logos for Microsoft and Adobe and place them in public folder just like before. image Update the src/App.tsx with:

import {
  Box,
  Center,
  Container,
  Wrap,
  WrapItem,
  Text,
  Image,
} from "@chakra-ui/react";
// ...

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Layout>
      <Box bg="gray.50">
       // ...


<Container maxW="container.2xl" centerContent py={[20]}>
            <Text color="gray.600" fontSize="lg">
              Used by teams worldwide
            </Text>

            <Wrap
              spacing={[10, 20]}
              mt={8}
              align="center"
              justify="center"
              w="full"
            >
              <WrapItem>
                <Image src="microsoft-logo.svg" alt="Microsoft logo" />
              </WrapItem>

              <WrapItem>
                <Image src="adobe-logo.svg" alt="Adobe logo" />
              </WrapItem>

              <WrapItem>
                <Image src="microsoft-logo.svg" alt="Microsoft logo" />
              </WrapItem>

              <WrapItem>
                <Image src="adobe-logo.svg" alt="Adobe logo" />
              </WrapItem>
            </Wrap>
          </Container>
      </Box>
    </Layout>
  );
};

Step 6 - List features

The features section is where you can flaunt the top 3 ways your product will help a potential user. I like to be as direct as possible. image Create a new file called src/components/Feature.tsx

import {
  Box,
  Button,
  Center,
  Container,
  Stack,
  Text,
  VStack,
  Image,
} from "@chakra-ui/react";
import { FunctionComponent } from "react";

interface FeatureProps {
  title: string;
  description: string;
  image: string;
  reverse?: boolean;
}

export const Feature: FunctionComponent<FeatureProps> = ({
  title,
  description,
  image,
  reverse,
}: FeatureProps) => {
  const rowDirection = reverse ? "row-reverse" : "row";
  return (
    <Center w="full" minH={[null, "90vh"]}>
      <Container maxW="container.xl" rounded="lg">
        <Stack
          spacing={[4, 16]}
          alignItems="center"
          direction={["column", null, rowDirection]}
          w="full"
          h="full"
        >
          <Box rounded="lg">
            <Image
              src={image}
              width={684}
              height={433}
              alt={`Feature: ${title}`}
            />
          </Box>

          <VStack maxW={500} spacing={4} align={["center", "flex-start"]}>
            <Box>
              <Text fontSize="3xl" fontWeight={600} align={["center", "left"]}>
                {title}
              </Text>
            </Box>

            <Text fontSize="md" color="gray.500" textAlign={["center", "left"]}>
              {description}
            </Text>

            <Button
              colorScheme="brand"
              variant="link"
              textAlign={["center", "left"]}
            >
              Learn more →
            </Button>
          </VStack>
        </Stack>
      </Container>
    </Center>
  );
};

Add to src/App.tsx

import { Feature } from "./components/Feature";
// ...

interface FeatureType {
  title: string
  description: string
  image: string
}

const features: FeatureType[] = [
  {
    title: "Detailed Analytics",
    description:
      "No more spending hours writing formulas in Excel to figure out how much you're making. We surface important metrics to keep your business going strong.",
    image:
      "https://launchman-space.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/chakra-ui-landing-page-feature-1.png",
  },
  {
    title: "Track your clients",
    description:
      "Know when and how your projects are going so you can stay on top of delivery dates.",
    image:
      "https://launchman-space.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/chakra-ui-landing-page-feature-2.png",
  },
  {
    title: "Manage projects",
    description:
      "You don't have to hunt your email inbox to find that one conversation. Every task, project, and client information is just a click away.",
    image:
      "https://launchman-space.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/chakra-ui-landing-page-feature-3.png",
  },
];

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Layout>
      <Box bg="gray.50">
        // ...
      <VStack
          backgroundColor="white"
          w="full"
          id="features"
          spacing={16}
          py={[16, 0]}
        >
          {features.map(
            ({ title, description, image }: FeatureType, i: number) => {
              return (
                <Feature
                  key={`feature_${i}`}
                  title={title}
                  description={description}
                  image={image}
                  reverse={i % 2 === 1}
                />
              )
            }
          )}
        </VStack>
      </Box>
    </Layout>
  );
};

Step 7 - Add highlights

Add a new file called Highlight.tsx

import {
  Box,
  Center,
  Container,
  Wrap,
  WrapItem,
  Text,
  Image,
  VStack,
  SimpleGrid,
} from "@chakra-ui/react";
// ...

export interface HighlightType {
  icon: string
  title: string
  description: string
}

const highlights: HighlightType[] = [
      {
        icon: '✨',
        title: 'No-code',
        description:
          "We are No-Code friendly. There is no coding required to get started. Launchman connects with Airtable and lets you generate a new page per row. It's just that easy!",
      },
      {
        icon: '🎉',
        title: 'Make Google happy',
        description:
          "We render all our pages server-side; when Google's robots come to index your site, the page does not have to wait for JS to be fetched. This helps you get ranked higher.",
      },
      {
        icon: '😃',
        title: 'Rapid experimenting',
        description:
          "You don't have to wait hours to update your hard-coded landing pages. Figure out what resonates with your customers the most and update the copy in seconds",
      },
      {
        icon: '🔌',
        title: 'Rapid experimenting',
        description:
          "You don't have to wait hours to update your hard-coded landing pages. Figure out what resonates with your customers the most and update the copy in seconds",
      },
    ]


export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Box bg="gray.50">
      // ...
     <Container maxW="container.md" centerContent py={[8, 28]}>
          <SimpleGrid spacingX={10} spacingY={20} minChildWidth="300px">
            {highlights.map(({ title, description, icon }, i: number) => (
              <Box p={4} rounded="md" key={`highlight_${i}`}>
                <Text fontSize="4xl">{icon}</Text>

                <Text fontWeight={500}>{title}</Text>

                <Text color="gray.500" mt={4}>
                  {description}
                </Text>
              </Box>
            ))}
          </SimpleGrid>
        </Container>
    </Box>
  );
};

image

Step 8 - Add the Pricing section

Here you can add a pricing section to your page by clearly showing what features are available at what price point. Offering an Annual subscription can be beneficial for both yourself and the customer. image Create a new component in src/components/PricingSection.tsx

import { CheckCircleIcon } from '@chakra-ui/icons'
import {
  Box,
  Button,
  ButtonGroup,
  HStack,
  List,
  ListIcon,
  ListItem,
  SimpleGrid,
  Text,
  VStack,
} from '@chakra-ui/react'
import { FunctionComponent, useState } from 'react'

interface PricingBoxProps {
  pro: boolean
  name: string
  isBilledAnnually: boolean
}

export const PricingBox: FunctionComponent<PricingBoxProps> = ({
  pro,
  name,
  isBilledAnnually,
}: PricingBoxProps) => {
  return (
    <Box
      boxShadow="sm"
      p={6}
      rounded="lg"
      bg={pro ? 'white' : 'white'}
      borderColor={pro ? 'brand.500' : 'gray.200'}
      backgroundColor={pro ? 'brand.50' : 'white'}
      borderWidth={2}
    >
      <VStack spacing={3} align="flex-start">
        <Text fontWeight={600} casing="uppercase" fontSize="sm">
          {name}
        </Text>
        <Box w="full">
          {isBilledAnnually ? (
            <Text fontSize="3xl" fontWeight="medium">
              $89
            </Text>
          ) : (
            <Text fontSize="3xl" fontWeight="medium">
              $99
            </Text>
          )}
          <Text fontSize="sm">per month per site</Text>
        </Box>

        <Text>Unlock key features and higher usage limits</Text>
        <VStack>
          <Button size="sm" colorScheme="brand">
            Free 14-day trial →
          </Button>
        </VStack>

        <VStack pt={8} spacing={4} align="flex-start">
          <Text fontWeight="medium">Everything in Basic, plus:</Text>
          <List spacing={3}>
            <ListItem>
              <HStack align="flex-start" spacing={1}>
                <ListIcon as={CheckCircleIcon} color="brand.500" mt={1} />
                <Text>
                  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit
                </Text>
              </HStack>
            </ListItem>
          </List>
        </VStack>
      </VStack>
    </Box>
  )
}

interface PricingSectionProps {}

export const PricingSection: FunctionComponent<PricingSectionProps> = () => {
  const [isBilledAnnually, setIsBilledAnnually] = useState<boolean>(true)
  return (
    <VStack spacing={10} align="center">
      <ButtonGroup isAttached>
        <Button
          onClick={() => {
            setIsBilledAnnually(true)
          }}
          colorScheme={isBilledAnnually ? 'brand' : 'gray'}
        >
          Annually (-10%)
        </Button>

        <Button
          onClick={() => {
            setIsBilledAnnually(false)
          }}
          colorScheme={isBilledAnnually ? 'gray' : 'brand'}
        >
          Monthly
        </Button>
      </ButtonGroup>

      <SimpleGrid columns={[1, null, 3]} spacing={10}>
        <PricingBox
          pro={false}
          name="Starter"
          isBilledAnnually={isBilledAnnually}
        />

        <PricingBox
          pro={true}
          name="Creator"
          isBilledAnnually={isBilledAnnually}
        />

        <PricingBox
          pro={false}
          name="Enterprise"
          isBilledAnnually={isBilledAnnually}
        />
      </SimpleGrid>
    </VStack>
  )
}

Add the component to src/App.tsx

import { PricingSection } from "./components/PricingSection";
// ...

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Box bg="gray.50">
      // ...
        <Container py={28} maxW="container.lg" w="full" id="pricing">
          <PricingSection />
        </Container>
    </Box>
  );
};

Step 9 - Add an FAQ section

Handle objections your potential customer might have in the FAQ section. image Add a component called src/components/FAQSection.tsx :

import {
  Accordion,
  AccordionButton,
  AccordionIcon,
  AccordionItem,
  AccordionPanel,
  Box,
} from '@chakra-ui/react'

export interface FAQType {
  q: string
  a: string
}

interface FAQSectionProps {
  items: FAQType[]
}

export const FAQSection = ({ items }: FAQSectionProps) => {
  return (
    <Box borderRadius="lg" w="full" p={4}>
      <Accordion>
        {items.map((item: any, i: number) => {
          return (
            <AccordionItem key={`faq_${i}`}>
              <h2>
                <AccordionButton>
                  <Box flex="1" textAlign="left">
                    {item.q}
                  </Box>
                  <AccordionIcon />
                </AccordionButton>
              </h2>

              <AccordionPanel pb={4}>{item.a}</AccordionPanel>
            </AccordionItem>
          )
        })}
      </Accordion>
    </Box>
  )
}

Update src/App.tsx :

import { FAQSection, FAQType } from "./components/FAQSection";
// ...

const faqs: FAQType[] = [
      {
        q: 'How many clients can I bring on?',
        a: 'You can bring on 3 clients with the Free plan. Upgrade to Pro for additional seats.',
      },
      {
        q: 'Can I connect it to my CRM?',
        a: 'Yes! We support Notion and PipeDrive currently.',
      },
      {
        q: 'Do you support international payments?',
        a: 'Yes - payments can be made from and to any country.',
      },
      {
        q: 'Who can I connect to for support?',
        a: 'Email me at sukh@saasbase.dev',
      },
    ]

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Layout>
      <Box bg="gray.50">
        // ...
        <Container py={28} maxW="container.md">
          <Box w="full">
            <VStack spacing={10} w="full">
              <Text fontWeight={500} fontSize="2xl" align="center">
                Frequently asked questions
              </Text>
              <FAQSection items={faqs} />
            </VStack>
          </Box>
        </Container>
      </Box>
    </Layout>
  );
};

Step 10 - Add CTA

Add a final CTA to make it easy for the reader to subscribe now that they know everything about the product. image Create a new component called src/components/CTA.tsx :

import { Button, Container, Text, VStack } from '@chakra-ui/react'
import React, { FunctionComponent } from 'react'
import { CTAType } from '../types'

interface CTAProps {
  heading: string
  cta: CTAType
}

export const CTA: FunctionComponent<CTAProps> = ({
  heading,
  cta,
}: CTAProps) => {
  return (
    <Container maxW="container.lg" py={16}>
      <VStack
        spacing={6}
        backgroundColor="brand.500"
        rounded="xl"
        p={6}
        backgroundImage="https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/60c29c0c0d66236222bfa9b4/60c29c0d0d66230460bfa9e2_Pattern%20Shape.svg"
      >
        <VStack spacing={4} maxW="md">
          <Text fontWeight={600} fontSize="3xl" align="center" color="white">
            {heading}
          </Text>
        </VStack>

        <Button
          size="lg"
          color="brand.500"
          backgroundColor="white"
          onClick={() => {}}
        >
          {cta.name}
        </Button>
      </VStack>
    </Container>
  )
}

Update src/App.tsx :

import { CTA } from '../components/CTA'
// ...

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Layout>
      <Box bg="gray.50">
        // ...
      <CTA
          heading={`Get started with Biller  today!`}
          cta={{ name: 'I want this!', link: '#' }}
        />
      </Box>
    </Layout>
  );
};

Step 11 - Add Footer

Add a footer with a social link to Twitter.

Update src/App.tsx :

import {
  Container,
  Box,
  Center,
  Text,
  Wrap,
  WrapItem,
  Image,
  VStack,
  SimpleGrid,
  Flex,
  LinkBox,
  LinkOverlay,
  Spacer,
} from "@chakra-ui/react";
// ...

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Layout>
      <Box bg="gray.50">
       // ...
		<Container maxW="container.lg">
          <Flex py={6}>
            <Box>
              <Text>© 2022 Biller</Text>

              <Text>Made by Sukh</Text>
            </Box>
            <Spacer />

            <LinkBox>
              <LinkOverlay href="https://twitter.com/@thisissukh_" isExternal>
                <Image src="twitter.svg" alt="Twitter logo"></Image>
              </LinkOverlay>
            </LinkBox>
          </Flex>
        </Container>
      </Box>
    </Layout>
  );
};

image

Step 12 - Add SEO

React Helmet is a great package that helps us optimize on-page SEO. Install it by:

npm i react-helmet
npm i --save-dev @types/react-helmet

Update src/App.tsx :

import { Helmet } from "react-helmet";

export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Layout>
      <Helmet>
        <meta charSet="utf-8" />
        <title>Biller | Get paid faster</title>
      </Helmet>
      <Box bg="gray.50">
         // ...
      </Box>
    </Layout>
  );
};

Step 13 - Deploy on Vercel

Vercel is the smoothest deployment platform I've ever used.

Deploy your React/Vite project by:

  1. Upload source code to Github
  2. Select Viteas the Framework Preset

image 3. Hit Deploy

That's it - you have a brand new landing page ready to go with Chakra UI!

Enjoyed this article?

Share it with your network to help others discover it

LinkedIn logo for sharing a link
Twitter logo for sharing a linkReddit logo for sharing a link

Continue Learning

Discover more articles on similar topics

Sort React Components Using .sort()

A guide on the process of rendering child components from an array of objects and creating a Sort button using React.

ReactJavascriptWeb development

React Navigation v6 with TypeScript

ReactTypescriptReact navigation

How to convert any web page into a React web page

ReactJavascriptWeb development

Dealing with Code Splitting Network Failures

Reloading code split chunks to attempt to recover from network failures.

ReactJavascriptWebpack

React onChange with input field & button

ReactJavaScript

A Guide to Documenting Controlled Components with Storybook

A Guide to Managing External Storybook State

ReactStorybookTesting