In Plain English

A regular expression is a pattern used to match, search, and manipulate text based on rules rather than exact strings.

Garbage collection automatically reclaims memory that a program no longer uses, freeing developers from manual memory management.

A race condition is a bug that occurs when the correctness of a program depends on the unpredictable timing of concurrent operations.

Concurrency is the ability of a program to make progress on multiple tasks at overlapping times, improving responsiveness and throughput.

A compiler translates source code written by humans into machine code or another target language a computer can execute.

Two-factor authentication adds a second verification step beyond your password, making accounts much harder to compromise.

A firewall monitors and filters network traffic based on security rules, acting as a barrier between trusted and untrusted networks.

Cross-site scripting is an attack where malicious scripts are injected into trusted web pages and run in other users' browsers.

Hashing converts data of any size into a fixed-length fingerprint that can't be reversed, used for integrity checks and password storage.

Encryption scrambles data using a key so only authorized parties can read it, protecting information in transit and at rest.

A cookie is a small piece of data a website stores in your browser to remember information across requests, like login sessions.

The DOM is a live, tree-shaped representation of a web page that JavaScript can read and modify to change what users see.

Server-side rendering generates a page's HTML on the server for each request, improving initial load speed and SEO.

A JWT is a compact, signed token that securely carries claims between parties, commonly used for authentication and authorization.

OAuth is an open standard that lets apps access resources on your behalf without ever seeing your password.

A CDN is a network of geographically distributed servers that cache and deliver content close to users for faster, more reliable loading.

CORS is a browser security mechanism that controls whether a web page can make requests to a different domain than the one that served it.

The two patterns behind every scalable frontend: components that do one thing well, and UIs that render themselves from config.

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